add custom dialer

- Validate resolved IPs immediately before connecting.
- Guard Shoutrrr requests during initialization and delivery.
- Require admins for services without HTTP client support.
- Test DNS rebinding, redirects, internal hosts, and authorization.

internal/dockerfile_agent_nvidia

@@ -43,11 +43,6 @@ COPY --from=builder /app/agent/test-data/amdgpu.ids /usr/share/libdrm/amdgpu.ids
 # Copy smartmontools binaries and config files
 COPY --from=smartmontools-builder /usr/sbin/smartctl /usr/sbin/smartctl
 
-# Install ZFS userspace utilities (zpool, zfs) for pool/dataset monitoring
-RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-  zfsutils-linux \
-  && apt-get clean && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-
 # Ensure data persistence across container recreations
 VOLUME ["/var/lib/beszel-agent"]
 

internal/dockerfile_agent_nvidia_slim

@@ -65,32 +65,6 @@ RUN set -eux; \
     cp -v "$interp" "/out/rootfs$interp"; \
   fi
 
-# --------------------------
-# ZFS utilities builder stage
-# --------------------------
-FROM --platform=$TARGETPLATFORM debian:bookworm-slim AS zfsutils-builder
-
-RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-  zfsutils-linux \
-  && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-
-# Copy the zpool/zfs binaries and their required runtime libraries
-RUN set -eux; \
-  mkdir -p /out/rootfs/lib /out/rootfs/lib64 /out/rootfs/usr/lib; \
-  for bin in /usr/sbin/zpool /usr/sbin/zfs; do \
-    mkdir -p "/out/rootfs$(dirname "$bin")"; \
-    cp -v "$bin" "/out/rootfs$bin"; \
-    ldd "$bin" \
-      | awk '{print $3}' \
-      | grep '^/' \
-      | xargs -r -I '{}' sh -c 'mkdir -p "/out/rootfs$(dirname "{}")"; cp -v "{}" "/out/rootfs{}"'; \
-    interp="$(ldd "$bin" | awk "/ld-linux/ {print \$1}")"; \
-    if [ -n "$interp" ] && [ -e "$interp" ]; then \
-      mkdir -p "/out/rootfs$(dirname "$interp")"; \
-      cp -v "$interp" "/out/rootfs$interp"; \
-    fi; \
-  done
-
 # --------------------------
 # Final image: lightweight multi-arch NVIDIA agent (slim)
 # --------------------------
@@ -104,9 +78,6 @@ COPY --from=builder /app/agent/test-data/amdgpu.ids /usr/share/libdrm/amdgpu.ids
 COPY --from=smartmontools-builder /usr/sbin/smartctl /usr/sbin/smartctl
 COPY --from=smartmontools-builder /out/rootfs/ /
 
-# Copy ZFS utilities (zpool, zfs) binaries and required runtime libraries
-COPY --from=zfsutils-builder /out/rootfs/ /
-
 # nvidia-smi is intentionally not bundled.
 # Mount the host binary instead, for example:
 # - /usr/bin/nvidia-smi:/usr/bin/nvidia-smi:ro

internal/hub/collections.go

@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ func setCollectionAuthSettings(app core.App) error {
 	}
 
 	if err := applyCollectionRules(app, []string{"fingerprints"}, collectionRules{
-		list:   &systemScopedWriteRule,
+		list:   &systemScopedReadRule,
-		view:   &systemScopedWriteRule,
+		view:   &systemScopedReadRule,
 		create: &systemScopedWriteRule,
 		update: &systemScopedWriteRule,
 		delete: &systemScopedWriteRule,

internal/hub/collections_test.go

@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ func TestCollectionRulesDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	// fingerprints collection
 	fingerprintsCollection, err := hub.FindCollectionByNameOrId("fingerprints")
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to find fingerprints collection")
-	assert.Equal(t, isUserInSystemUsersNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.ListRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, isUserInSystemUsers, *fingerprintsCollection.ListRule)
-	assert.Equal(t, isUserInSystemUsersNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.ViewRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, isUserInSystemUsers, *fingerprintsCollection.ViewRule)
 	assert.Equal(t, isUserInSystemUsersNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.CreateRule)
 	assert.Equal(t, isUserInSystemUsersNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.UpdateRule)
 	assert.Equal(t, isUserInSystemUsersNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.DeleteRule)
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ func TestCollectionRulesShareAllSystems(t *testing.T) {
 	// fingerprints collection
 	fingerprintsCollection, err := hub.FindCollectionByNameOrId("fingerprints")
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Failed to find fingerprints collection")
-	assert.Equal(t, isUserNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.ListRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, isUser, *fingerprintsCollection.ListRule)
-	assert.Equal(t, isUserNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.ViewRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, isUser, *fingerprintsCollection.ViewRule)
 	assert.Equal(t, isUserNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.CreateRule)
 	assert.Equal(t, isUserNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.UpdateRule)
 	assert.Equal(t, isUserNotReadonly, *fingerprintsCollection.DeleteRule)

internal/hub/systems/system.go

@@ -272,15 +272,7 @@ func (sys *System) createRecords(data *system.CombinedData) (*core.Record, error
 
 		// update system record (do this last because it triggers alerts and we need above records to be inserted first)
 		systemRecord.Set("status", up)
-		// Distinguish an idle GPU from a system without GPU data (#2312)
+		systemRecord.Set("info", data.Info)
-		info := struct {
-			system.Info
-			GpuPct *float64 `json:"g,omitempty"`
-		}{Info: data.Info}
-		if len(data.Stats.GPUData) > 0 {
-			info.GpuPct = &data.Info.GpuPct
-		}
-		systemRecord.Set("info", info)
 		if err := txApp.SaveNoValidate(systemRecord); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -330,11 +322,6 @@ func createSystemdStatsRecords(app core.App, data []*systemd.Service, systemId s
 
 	valueStrings := make([]string, 0, len(data))
 	for i, service := range data {
-		// Agent payloads can contain null entries. Reject the snapshot before
-		// executing any queries so existing service records remain intact.
-		if service == nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("null systemd service at index %d", i)
-		}
 		suffix := fmt.Sprintf("%d", i)
 		valueStrings = append(valueStrings, fmt.Sprintf("({:id%[1]s}, {:system}, {:name%[1]s}, {:state%[1]s}, {:sub%[1]s}, {:cpu%[1]s}, {:cpuPeak%[1]s}, {:memory%[1]s}, {:memPeak%[1]s}, {:updated})", suffix))
 		params["id"+suffix] = makeStableHashId(systemId, service.Name)

internal/hub/systems/system_gpu_test.go

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-//go:build testing
-
-package systems
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/henrygd/beszel/internal/entities/system"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestCreateRecordsGPUUtilization(t *testing.T) {
-	sys, app := newTestSystemWithHub(t)
-	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		name  string
-		gpu   bool
-		usage float64
-	}{
-		{"no GPU", false, 0},
-		{"active GPU", true, 42.5},
-		{"idle GPU", true, 0},
-		{"GPU removed", false, 0},
-	} {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			data := &system.CombinedData{Info: system.Info{GpuPct: tc.usage, Cpu: 12.5}}
-			if tc.gpu {
-				data.Stats.GPUData = map[string]system.GPUData{"0": {Name: "GPU", Usage: tc.usage}}
-			}
-			_, err := sys.createRecords(data)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			record, err := app.FindRecordById("systems", sys.Id)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			var info map[string]any
-			require.NoError(t, record.UnmarshalJSONField("info", &info))
-			assert.Equal(t, 12.5, info["cpu"])
-			if tc.gpu {
-				assert.Equal(t, tc.usage, info["g"])
-			} else {
-				assert.NotContains(t, info, "g")
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}

internal/hub/systems/system_manager.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/henrygd/beszel/internal/hub/ws"
@@ -43,17 +42,13 @@ var errSystemExists = errors.New("system exists")
 // SystemManager manages a collection of monitored systems and their connections.
 // It handles system lifecycle, status updates, and maintains both SSH and WebSocket connections.
 type SystemManager struct {
-	hub                 hubLike                               // Hub interface for database and alert operations
+	hub           hubLike                               // Hub interface for database and alert operations
-	systems             *store.Store[string, *System]         // Thread-safe store of active systems
+	systems       *store.Store[string, *System]         // Thread-safe store of active systems
-	sshConfig           *ssh.ClientConfig                     // SSH client configuration for system connections
+	sshConfig     *ssh.ClientConfig                     // SSH client configuration for system connections
-	smartFetchMap       *expirymap.ExpiryMap[smartFetchState] // Stores last SMART fetch time/result; TTL is only for cleanup
+	smartFetchMap *expirymap.ExpiryMap[smartFetchState] // Stores last SMART fetch time/result; TTL is only for cleanup
-	zfsFetchMap         *expirymap.ExpiryMap[zfsFetchState]   // Stores last ZFS fetch time/result; TTL is only for cleanup
+	zfsFetchMap   *expirymap.ExpiryMap[zfsFetchState]   // Stores last ZFS fetch time/result; TTL is only for cleanup
-	realtimeMutex       sync.Mutex                            // Protects all realtime worker and subscription state
+	ctx           context.Context                       // Cancelled when the app terminates
-	activeSubscriptions map[string]*subscriptionInfo          // Realtime subscriptions keyed by system ID
+	cancel        context.CancelFunc                    // Cancels ctx and all child system contexts
-	realtimeWorkerStop  chan struct{}                         // Stops the current realtime worker generation
-	realtimeWorkerRun   bool                                  // Whether a realtime worker has been started
-	ctx                 context.Context                       // Cancelled when the app terminates
-	cancel              context.CancelFunc                    // Cancels ctx and all child system contexts
 }
 
 // hubLike defines the interface requirements for the hub dependency.
@@ -72,11 +67,10 @@ type hubLike interface {
 // The hub must implement the hubLike interface to provide database and alert functionality.
 func NewSystemManager(hub hubLike) *SystemManager {
 	sm := &SystemManager{
-		systems:             store.New(map[string]*System{}),
+		systems:       store.New(map[string]*System{}),
-		hub:                 hub,
+		hub:           hub,
-		smartFetchMap:       expirymap.New[smartFetchState](time.Hour),
+		smartFetchMap: expirymap.New[smartFetchState](time.Hour),
-		zfsFetchMap:         expirymap.New[zfsFetchState](time.Hour),
+		zfsFetchMap:   expirymap.New[zfsFetchState](time.Hour),
-		activeSubscriptions: make(map[string]*subscriptionInfo),
 	}
 	sm.ctx, sm.cancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	return sm
@@ -144,7 +138,6 @@ func (sm *SystemManager) bindEventHooks() {
 // onTerminate cancels SystemManager context on app shutdown
 func (sm *SystemManager) onTerminate(e *core.TerminateEvent) error {
 	sm.cancel()
-	sm.stopRealtimeWorker()
 	return e.Next()
 }
 

internal/hub/systems/system_realtime.go

@@ -3,27 +3,25 @@ package systems
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/henrygd/beszel/internal/common"
-	"github.com/henrygd/beszel/internal/hub/utils"
-	"github.com/pocketbase/dbx"
-	"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/apis"
 	"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/core"
 	"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/tools/subscriptions"
 )
 
 type subscriptionInfo struct {
 	subscription     string
-	connectedClients int
+	connectedClients uint8
-	fetching         bool
 }
 
-type realtimeFetch struct {
+var (
-	systemID     string
+	activeSubscriptions = make(map[string]*subscriptionInfo)
-	subscription string
+	workerRunning       bool
-	info         *subscriptionInfo
+	tickerStopChan      chan struct{}
-}
+	realtimeMutex       sync.Mutex
+)
 
 // onRealtimeConnectRequest handles client connection events for realtime subscriptions.
 // It cleans up existing subscriptions when a client connects.
@@ -40,19 +38,6 @@ func (sm *SystemManager) onRealtimeConnectRequest(e *core.RealtimeConnectRequest
 // onRealtimeSubscribeRequest handles client subscription events for realtime metrics.
 // It tracks new subscriptions and unsubscriptions to manage the realtime worker lifecycle.
 func (sm *SystemManager) onRealtimeSubscribeRequest(e *core.RealtimeSubscribeRequestEvent) error {
-	// Parse with PocketBase's own subscription parser before changing the real
-	// client. Reject the entire request if any metrics target is inaccessible.
-	requested := subscriptions.NewDefaultClient()
-	requested.Subscribe(e.Subscriptions...)
-	for topic, options := range requested.Subscriptions() {
-		if !strings.HasPrefix(topic, "rt_metrics") {
-			continue
-		}
-		system, err := sm.GetSystem(options.Query["system"])
-		if err != nil || !system.HasUser(e.App, e.Auth) {
-			return e.NotFoundError("", nil)
-		}
-	}
 	oldSubs := e.Client.Subscriptions()
 	// after e.Next() is the result of the subscribe request
 	err := e.Next()
@@ -62,7 +47,14 @@ func (sm *SystemManager) onRealtimeSubscribeRequest(e *core.RealtimeSubscribeReq
 	for k, options := range newSubs {
 		if _, ok := oldSubs[k]; !ok {
 			if strings.HasPrefix(k, "rt_metrics") {
-				sm.addRealtimeSubscription(options.Query["system"], k)
+				systemId := options.Query["system"]
+				if _, ok := activeSubscriptions[systemId]; !ok {
+					activeSubscriptions[systemId] = &subscriptionInfo{
+						subscription: k,
+					}
+				}
+				activeSubscriptions[systemId].connectedClients += 1
+				sm.onRealtimeSubscriptionAdded()
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -76,76 +68,72 @@ func (sm *SystemManager) onRealtimeSubscribeRequest(e *core.RealtimeSubscribeReq
 	return err
 }
 
-// addRealtimeSubscription tracks a subscriber and starts a worker if necessary.
+// onRealtimeSubscriptionAdded initializes or starts the realtime worker when the first subscription is added.
-func (sm *SystemManager) addRealtimeSubscription(systemID, subscription string) {
+// It ensures only one worker runs at a time.
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Lock()
+func (sm *SystemManager) onRealtimeSubscriptionAdded() {
-	defer sm.realtimeMutex.Unlock()
+	realtimeMutex.Lock()
+	defer realtimeMutex.Unlock()
 
-	if sm.activeSubscriptions == nil {
+	// Start the worker if it's not already running
-		sm.activeSubscriptions = make(map[string]*subscriptionInfo)
+	if !workerRunning {
-	}
+		workerRunning = true
-	info, ok := sm.activeSubscriptions[systemID]
+		// Create a new stop channel for this worker instance
-	if !ok {
+		tickerStopChan = make(chan struct{})
-		info = &subscriptionInfo{subscription: subscription}
+		go sm.startRealtimeWorker()
-		sm.activeSubscriptions[systemID] = info
-	}
-	info.connectedClients++
-
-	if !sm.realtimeWorkerRun {
-		sm.realtimeWorkerRun = true
-		stop := make(chan struct{})
-		sm.realtimeWorkerStop = stop
-		go sm.startRealtimeWorker(stop)
 	}
 }
 
-// stopRealtimeWorker stops the current worker generation, if any.
+// checkSubscriptions stops the realtime worker when there are no active subscriptions.
-func (sm *SystemManager) stopRealtimeWorker() {
+// This prevents unnecessary resource usage when no clients are listening for realtime data.
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Lock()
+func (sm *SystemManager) checkSubscriptions() {
-	defer sm.realtimeMutex.Unlock()
+	if !workerRunning || len(activeSubscriptions) > 0 {
-	sm.stopRealtimeWorkerLocked()
-}
-
-func (sm *SystemManager) stopRealtimeWorkerLocked() {
-	if !sm.realtimeWorkerRun {
 		return
 	}
-	close(sm.realtimeWorkerStop)
+
-	sm.realtimeWorkerStop = nil
+	realtimeMutex.Lock()
-	sm.realtimeWorkerRun = false
+	defer realtimeMutex.Unlock()
+
+	// Signal the worker to stop
+	if tickerStopChan != nil {
+		select {
+		case tickerStopChan <- struct{}{}:
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Mark worker as stopped (will be reset when next subscription comes in)
+	workerRunning = false
 }
 
 // removeRealtimeSubscription removes a realtime subscription and checks if the worker should be stopped.
 // It only processes subscriptions with the "rt_metrics" prefix and triggers cleanup when subscriptions are removed.
 func (sm *SystemManager) removeRealtimeSubscription(subscription string, options subscriptions.SubscriptionOptions) {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(subscription, "rt_metrics") {
-		systemID := options.Query["system"]
+		systemId := options.Query["system"]
-		sm.realtimeMutex.Lock()
+		if info, ok := activeSubscriptions[systemId]; ok {
-		if info, ok := sm.activeSubscriptions[systemID]; ok {
+			info.connectedClients -= 1
-			info.connectedClients--
 			if info.connectedClients <= 0 {
-				delete(sm.activeSubscriptions, systemID)
+				delete(activeSubscriptions, systemId)
 			}
 		}
-		if len(sm.activeSubscriptions) == 0 {
+		sm.checkSubscriptions()
-			sm.stopRealtimeWorkerLocked()
-		}
-		sm.realtimeMutex.Unlock()
 	}
 }
 
 // startRealtimeWorker runs the main loop for fetching realtime data from agents.
 // It continuously fetches system data and broadcasts it to subscribed clients via WebSocket.
-func (sm *SystemManager) startRealtimeWorker(stop <-chan struct{}) {
+func (sm *SystemManager) startRealtimeWorker() {
 	sm.fetchRealtimeDataAndNotify()
-	ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+	tick := time.Tick(1 * time.Second)
-	defer ticker.Stop()
 
 	for {
 		select {
-		case <-stop:
+		case <-tickerStopChan:
 			return
-		case <-ticker.C:
+		case <-tick:
+			if len(activeSubscriptions) == 0 {
+				return
+			}
 			sm.fetchRealtimeDataAndNotify()
 		}
 	}
@@ -153,79 +141,27 @@ func (sm *SystemManager) startRealtimeWorker(stop <-chan struct{}) {
 
 // fetchRealtimeDataAndNotify fetches realtime data for all active subscriptions and notifies the clients.
 func (sm *SystemManager) fetchRealtimeDataAndNotify() {
-	for _, fetch := range sm.claimRealtimeFetches() {
+	for systemId, info := range activeSubscriptions {
-		system, err := sm.GetSystem(fetch.systemID)
+		system, err := sm.GetSystem(systemId)
 		if err != nil {
-			sm.finishRealtimeFetch(fetch)
 			continue
 		}
-		go func(fetch realtimeFetch) {
+		go func() {
-			defer sm.finishRealtimeFetch(fetch)
 			data, err := system.fetchDataFromAgent(common.DataRequestOptions{CacheTimeMs: 1000})
 			if err != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			bytes, err := json.Marshal(data)
 			if err == nil {
-				notify(sm.hub, system, fetch.subscription, bytes)
+				notify(sm.hub, info.subscription, bytes)
 			}
-		}(fetch)
+		}()
-	}
-}
-
-// claimRealtimeFetches takes a stable snapshot and marks each selected system as
-// in flight. Slow agents are skipped on later ticks until their fetch completes.
-func (sm *SystemManager) claimRealtimeFetches() []realtimeFetch {
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Lock()
-	defer sm.realtimeMutex.Unlock()
-
-	fetches := make([]realtimeFetch, 0, len(sm.activeSubscriptions))
-	for systemID, info := range sm.activeSubscriptions {
-		if info.fetching {
-			continue
-		}
-		info.fetching = true
-		fetches = append(fetches, realtimeFetch{
-			systemID:     systemID,
-			subscription: info.subscription,
-			info:         info,
-		})
-	}
-	return fetches
-}
-
-func (sm *SystemManager) finishRealtimeFetch(fetch realtimeFetch) {
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Lock()
-	defer sm.realtimeMutex.Unlock()
-	// A subscription may have been removed and recreated while the old request
-	// was running. Only release the exact entry claimed by this request.
-	if info := sm.activeSubscriptions[fetch.systemID]; info == fetch.info {
-		info.fetching = false
 	}
 }
 
 // notify broadcasts realtime data to all clients subscribed to a specific subscription.
-// Custom topics bypass collection rules, so check current access for every
+// It iterates through all connected clients and sends the data only to those with matching subscriptions.
-// recipient, including clients whose authentication or membership was revoked.
+func notify(app core.App, subscription string, data []byte) error {
-func notify(app core.App, system *System, subscription string, data []byte) error {
-	shareAll, _ := utils.GetEnv("SHARE_ALL_SYSTEMS")
-	members := make(map[string]struct{})
-	if shareAll != "true" {
-		// Refresh once per broadcast so membership changes take effect on the
-		// next update without querying the database for every recipient.
-		var recordData struct{ Users string }
-		if err := app.DB().NewQuery("SELECT users FROM systems WHERE id={:id}").
-			Bind(dbx.Params{"id": system.Id}).One(&recordData); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		var userIDs []string
-		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(recordData.Users), &userIDs); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		for _, id := range userIDs {
-			members[id] = struct{}{}
-		}
-	}
 	message := subscriptions.Message{
 		Name: subscription,
 		Data: data,
@@ -234,13 +170,6 @@ func notify(app core.App, system *System, subscription string, data []byte) erro
 		if !client.HasSubscription(subscription) {
 			continue
 		}
-		auth, _ := client.Get(apis.RealtimeClientAuthKey).(*core.Record)
-		if auth == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		if _, member := members[auth.Id]; shareAll != "true" && !member {
-			continue
-		}
 		client.Send(message)
 	}
 	return nil

internal/hub/systems/system_realtime_test.go

@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-package systems
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/apis"
-	"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/core"
-	pbtests "github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/tests"
-	"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/tools/hook"
-	"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/tools/store"
-	"github.com/pocketbase/pocketbase/tools/subscriptions"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestRealtimeAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("SHARE_ALL_SYSTEMS", "false")
-	t.Setenv("BESZEL_HUB_SHARE_ALL_SYSTEMS", "")
-	app, err := pbtests.NewTestApp(t.TempDir())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	t.Cleanup(app.Cleanup)
-	_, err = app.DB().NewQuery(`CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS systems (id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, users TEXT)`).Execute()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = app.DB().NewQuery(`INSERT INTO systems (id, users) VALUES ('target', '["member"]')`).Execute()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	member := core.NewRecord(core.NewAuthCollection("users"))
-	member.Id = "member"
-	outsider := core.NewRecord(member.Collection())
-	outsider.Id = "outsider"
-	system := &System{Id: "target"}
-	sm := newRealtimeTestManager()
-	sm.systems.Set(system.Id, system)
-	// Keep the lifecycle bookkeeping active without starting an agent worker.
-	sm.realtimeWorkerRun = true
-	sm.realtimeWorkerStop = make(chan struct{})
-	t.Cleanup(sm.stopRealtimeWorker)
-	topic := `rt_metrics?options={"query":{"system":"target"}}`
-
-	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		name    string
-		auth    *core.Record
-		topic   string
-		share   bool
-		allowed bool
-	}{
-		{"guest", nil, topic, false, false},
-		{"outsider", outsider, topic, false, false},
-		{"member", member, topic, false, true},
-		{"missing system", member, `rt_metrics`, false, false},
-		{"unknown system", member, `rt_metrics?options={"query":{"system":"missing"}}`, false, false},
-		{"malformed options", member, `rt_metrics?options=invalid`, false, false},
-		{"prefix variant", outsider, `rt_metrics_extra?options={"query":{"system":"target"}}`, false, false},
-		{"shared outsider", outsider, topic, true, true},
-		{"shared guest", nil, topic, true, false},
-		{"other topic", nil, "systems/*", false, true},
-	} {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			if tc.share {
-				t.Setenv("BESZEL_HUB_SHARE_ALL_SYSTEMS", "true")
-			}
-			client := subscriptions.NewDefaultClient()
-			client.Subscribe("existing")
-			e := &core.RealtimeSubscribeRequestEvent{
-				RequestEvent: &core.RequestEvent{App: app, Auth: tc.auth},
-				Client:       client, Subscriptions: []string{tc.topic},
-			}
-			called := false
-			h := &hook.Hook[*core.RealtimeSubscribeRequestEvent]{}
-			h.BindFunc(sm.onRealtimeSubscribeRequest)
-			err := h.Trigger(e, func(e *core.RealtimeSubscribeRequestEvent) error {
-				called = true
-				client.Unsubscribe()
-				client.Subscribe(e.Subscriptions...)
-				return nil
-			})
-			if tc.allowed {
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				assert.True(t, called)
-			} else {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				assert.False(t, called)
-				assert.True(t, client.HasSubscription("existing"))
-				assert.False(t, client.HasSubscription(tc.topic))
-			}
-		})
-	}
-
-	t.Run("broadcast checks current access", func(t *testing.T) {
-		client := subscriptions.NewDefaultClient()
-		client.Subscribe(topic)
-		app.SubscriptionsBroker().Register(client)
-		defer app.SubscriptionsBroker().Unregister(client.Id())
-		secondClient := subscriptions.NewDefaultClient()
-		secondClient.Subscribe(topic)
-		app.SubscriptionsBroker().Register(secondClient)
-		defer app.SubscriptionsBroker().Unregister(secondClient.Id())
-		check := func(auth *core.Record, allowed bool) {
-			t.Helper()
-			client.Set(apis.RealtimeClientAuthKey, auth)
-			secondClient.Set(apis.RealtimeClientAuthKey, auth)
-			done := make(chan struct{})
-			go func() {
-				notify(app, system, topic, []byte(`{"cpu":42}`))
-				close(done)
-			}()
-			// Even on failure, drain pending sends and join the broadcaster before
-			// unregistering clients, which closes their channels.
-			defer func() {
-				for {
-					select {
-					case <-client.Channel():
-					case <-secondClient.Channel():
-					case <-done:
-						return
-					}
-				}
-			}()
-			var received [2]int
-			timer := time.NewTimer(time.Second)
-			defer timer.Stop()
-			for {
-				select {
-				case msg := <-client.Channel():
-					received[0]++
-					assert.Equal(t, topic, msg.Name)
-				case msg := <-secondClient.Channel():
-					received[1]++
-					assert.Equal(t, topic, msg.Name)
-				case <-done:
-					want := [2]int{}
-					if allowed {
-						want = [2]int{1, 1}
-					}
-					assert.Equal(t, want, received)
-					return
-				case <-timer.C:
-					t.Fatal("broadcast did not finish")
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		check(nil, false)
-		check(outsider, false)
-		check(member, true)
-		_, err := app.DB().NewQuery(`UPDATE systems SET users = '[]'`).Execute()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		check(member, false)
-		t.Setenv("BESZEL_HUB_SHARE_ALL_SYSTEMS", "true")
-		check(outsider, true)
-		check(nil, false)
-	})
-}
-
-func newRealtimeTestManager() *SystemManager {
-	return &SystemManager{
-		systems:             store.New(map[string]*System{}),
-		activeSubscriptions: make(map[string]*subscriptionInfo),
-	}
-}
-
-func TestRealtimeFetchesDoNotOverlapPerSystem(t *testing.T) {
-	sm := newRealtimeTestManager()
-	sm.activeSubscriptions["one"] = &subscriptionInfo{subscription: "rt_metrics_one"}
-	sm.activeSubscriptions["two"] = &subscriptionInfo{subscription: "rt_metrics_two"}
-
-	first := sm.claimRealtimeFetches()
-	require.Len(t, first, 2)
-	assert.Empty(t, sm.claimRealtimeFetches())
-
-	sm.finishRealtimeFetch(first[0])
-	next := sm.claimRealtimeFetches()
-	require.Len(t, next, 1)
-	assert.Equal(t, first[0].systemID, next[0].systemID)
-
-	sm.finishRealtimeFetch(first[1])
-	sm.finishRealtimeFetch(next[0])
-}
-
-func TestFinishingOldRealtimeFetchDoesNotReleaseReplacement(t *testing.T) {
-	sm := newRealtimeTestManager()
-	oldInfo := &subscriptionInfo{subscription: "old"}
-	sm.activeSubscriptions["system"] = oldInfo
-
-	fetch := sm.claimRealtimeFetches()[0]
-	newInfo := &subscriptionInfo{subscription: "new", fetching: true}
-	sm.activeSubscriptions["system"] = newInfo
-
-	sm.finishRealtimeFetch(fetch)
-	assert.True(t, newInfo.fetching)
-}
-
-func TestRealtimeSubscriptionLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
-	sm := newRealtimeTestManager()
-	options := subscriptions.SubscriptionOptions{Query: map[string]string{"system": "system"}}
-
-	sm.addRealtimeSubscription("system", "rt_metrics")
-	sm.addRealtimeSubscription("system", "rt_metrics")
-
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Lock()
-	firstStop := sm.realtimeWorkerStop
-	assert.True(t, sm.realtimeWorkerRun)
-	assert.Equal(t, 2, sm.activeSubscriptions["system"].connectedClients)
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Unlock()
-
-	sm.removeRealtimeSubscription("rt_metrics", options)
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Lock()
-	assert.True(t, sm.realtimeWorkerRun)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, sm.activeSubscriptions["system"].connectedClients)
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Unlock()
-
-	sm.removeRealtimeSubscription("rt_metrics", options)
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Lock()
-	assert.False(t, sm.realtimeWorkerRun)
-	assert.Empty(t, sm.activeSubscriptions)
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Unlock()
-	select {
-	case <-firstStop:
-	default:
-		t.Fatal("worker stop channel was not closed")
-	}
-
-	// A later subscription must get a new stop channel owned by its worker.
-	sm.addRealtimeSubscription("system", "rt_metrics")
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Lock()
-	secondStop := sm.realtimeWorkerStop
-	assert.NotEqual(t, firstStop, secondStop)
-	sm.realtimeMutex.Unlock()
-	sm.stopRealtimeWorker()
-}

internal/hub/systems/systemd_records_test.go

@@ -3,11 +3,9 @@
 package systems_test
 
 import (
-	"encoding/json"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2"
 	"github.com/henrygd/beszel/internal/entities/system"
 	"github.com/henrygd/beszel/internal/entities/systemd"
 	"github.com/henrygd/beszel/internal/hub/systems"
@@ -17,42 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func TestCreateRecordsRejectsNullSystemdService(t *testing.T) {
-	hub, user := tests.GetHubWithUser(t)
-	defer hub.Cleanup()
-	records, err := tests.CreateSystems(hub, 1, user.Id, "paused")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	sys, err := hub.GetSystemManager().GetSystem(records[0].Id)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, systems.CreateSystemdStatsRecords(hub, []*systemd.Service{
-		{Name: "existing.service", State: systemd.StatusFailed},
-	}, records[0].Id))
-
-	for _, services := range []string{`[null]`, `[{"name":"new.service"},null]`, `[null,{"name":"new.service"}]`} {
-		for _, encoding := range []string{"json", "cbor"} {
-			t.Run(encoding+"/"+services, func(t *testing.T) {
-				var data system.CombinedData
-				require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{"systemd":`+services+`}`), &data))
-				if encoding == "cbor" {
-					encoded, err := cbor.Marshal(data)
-					require.NoError(t, err)
-					data = system.CombinedData{}
-					require.NoError(t, cbor.Unmarshal(encoded, &data))
-				}
-				_, err := sys.CreateRecords(&data)
-				require.ErrorContains(t, err, "null systemd service")
-				var names []string
-				require.NoError(t, hub.DB().Select("name").From("systemd_services").
-					Where(dbx.HashExp{"system": records[0].Id}).Column(&names))
-				assert.Equal(t, []string{"existing.service"}, names)
-				count, err := hub.CountRecords("system_stats", dbx.HashExp{"system": records[0].Id})
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				assert.Zero(t, count, "invalid snapshot must roll back system stats")
-			})
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func TestCreateRecordsHandlesSystemdAlertLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
 	hub, user := tests.GetHubWithUser(t)
 	defer hub.Cleanup()

internal/site/src/components/systems-table/systems-table-columns.tsx

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ export function SystemsTableColumns(viewMode: "table" | "grid"): ColumnDef<Syste
 			header: sortableHeader,
 		},
 		{
-			accessorFn: ({ info }) => info.g,
+			accessorFn: ({ info }) => info.g || undefined,
 			id: "gpu",
 			name: () => "GPU",
 			cell: (info) => {

internal/site/src/lib/api.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { basePath } from "@/components/router"
 import { toast } from "@/components/ui/use-toast"
 import type { ChartTimes, UserSettings } from "@/types"
 import { $alerts, $allSystemsById, $allSystemsByName, $userSettings } from "./stores"
-import { chartTimeData, debounce } from "./utils"
+import { chartTimeData } from "./utils"
 
 /** PocketBase JS Client */
 export const pb = new PocketBase(basePath)
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export const pb = new PocketBase(basePath)
 export const isAdmin = () => pb.authStore.record?.role === "admin"
 export const isReadOnlyUser = () => pb.authStore.record?.role === "readonly"
 
-const verifyAuth = () => {
+export const verifyAuth = () => {
 	pb.collection("users")
 		.authRefresh()
 		.catch(() => {
@@ -25,22 +25,6 @@ const verifyAuth = () => {
 		})
 }
 
-const verifyAuthDebounced = debounce(verifyAuth, 100)
-
-// verify the session whenever any API request returns a 4xx response (e.g. an
-// expired JWT). The auth-refresh endpoint is excluded to avoid a loop, since
-// it returns 401 itself when the token is no longer valid.
-pb.afterSend = (response, data) => {
-	if (
-		(response.status === 401 || response.status === 403) &&
-		pb.authStore.token &&
-		!response.url.includes("auth-refresh")
-	) {
-		verifyAuthDebounced()
-	}
-	return data
-}
-
 /** Logs the user out by clearing the auth store and unsubscribing from realtime updates. */
 export function logOut() {
 	$allSystemsByName.set({})

internal/site/src/lib/systemsManager.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /** biome-ignore-all lint/suspicious/noAssignInExpressions: it's fine :) */
 import type { PreinitializedMapStore } from "nanostores"
-import { pb } from "@/lib/api"
+import { pb, verifyAuth } from "@/lib/api"
 import {
 	$allSystemsById,
 	$allSystemsByName,
@@ -167,6 +167,11 @@ export async function subscribe() {
 export async function refresh() {
 	try {
 		const records = await fetchSystems()
+		if (!records.length) {
+			// No systems found, verify authentication
+			verifyAuth()
+			return
+		}
 		for (const record of records) {
 			add(record)
 		}

supplemental/scripts/install-agent.sh

@@ -812,11 +812,6 @@ elif is_freebsd; then
       echo "Adding beszel to wheel group for self-updates"
       pw group mod wheel -m beszel
     fi
-    # Add the user to the operator group for device access (SMART, /dev/xpt0, /dev/nvme*)
-    if pw group show operator >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-      echo "Adding beszel to operator group for device access"
-      pw group mod operator -m beszel
-    fi
   fi
 
 else